Chaka cha 1900 chisanafike, akazi ankathera nthawi yambiri masana akudzisoka ndi manja zovala zawo ndi mabanja awo.Azimayi nawonso ndi amene anayambitsa ntchito yaikulu yosoka zovala m’mafakitale ndi kuluka nsalu m’mphero.Kupangidwa ndi kufalikira kwa makina osokera kunamasula akazi ku ntchito imeneyi, kumasula antchito ku malipiro osalipidwa kwa maola ambiri m’mafakitale, ndi kupanga mitundu yambiri ya zovala zotsika mtengo.Makina osokera m'mafakitale adapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri zitheke komanso zotsika mtengo.Makina osokera apanyumba ndi onyamulika adapangitsanso osoka osachita masewerawa kuti azisangalala ndi kusoka ngati luso.

Apainiya akupanga makina osokera anali olimbikira ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ku England, France, ndi United States.Wopanga kabati wa Chingerezi Thomas Saint adapeza chilolezo choyamba cha makina osokera mu 1790. Chikopa ndi chinsalu chikhoza kusokedwa ndi makina olemerawa, omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito singano ndi awl kuti apange unyolo.Mofanana ndi makina ambiri akale, inkakopera kusoka pamanja.Mu 1807, luso lovuta kwambiri linali lovomerezeka ndi William ndi Edward Chapman ku England.Makina awo osokera ankagwiritsa ntchito singano yokhala ndi diso pansonga ya singanoyo m’malo mokhala pamwamba.

Ku France, makina a Barthelémy Thimmonier omwe anali ovomerezeka mu 1830 adayambitsa chipolowe.Telala wa ku France, Thimmonier anapanga makina olumikiza nsalu pamodzi ndi kusoka unyolo ndi singano yopindika.Fakitale yake inapanga yunifolomu ya Asilikali a ku France ndipo inali ndi makina 80 ogwira ntchito pofika 1841. Gulu la osoka omwe anasamutsidwa ndi fakitaleyo linachita chipolowe, kuwononga makinawo, ndipo anatsala pang'ono kupha Thimmonier.

Kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic, Walter Hunt anapanga makina okhala ndi singano yoloza ndi diso yomwe inapanga ulusi wokhoma ndi ulusi wachiwiri kuchokera pansi.Makina a Hunt, omwe adapangidwa mu 1834, analibe chilolezo.Elias Howe, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi amene anayambitsa makina osokera, anakonza ndi kupereka chilolezo kwa chilengedwe chake mu 1846. Howe ankagwira ntchito pa malo ogulitsira makina ku Boston ndipo ankayesetsa kusamalira banja lake.Bwenzi lina linamuthandiza pazachuma pamene anali kukonza luso lakelo, lomwe linatulutsanso loko pogwiritsa ntchito singano yosongoka ndi diso ndi bobbin yomwe inkanyamula ulusi wachiwiri.Howe anayesa kugulitsa makina ake ku England, koma, ali kutsidya kwa nyanja, ena adatengera zomwe adapanga.Atabwerera mu 1849, adathandizidwanso ndi ndalama pamene adatsutsa makampani ena chifukwa cha kuphwanya patent.Pofika m'chaka cha 1854, adapambana ma suti, motero adakhazikitsanso makina osokera ngati chida chodziwika bwino pakusintha kwa malamulo a patent.

Mkulu wa opikisana ndi a Howe anali Isaac M. Singer, woyambitsa, wochita masewero, ndi makanika amene anasintha kamangidwe kosayenera kopangidwa ndi ena ndipo anapeza chilolezo chake mu 1851. Mapangidwe ake anali ndi mkono wolendewera womwe unayika singanoyo patebulo lathyathyathya kotero kuti nsaluyo inali yathyathyathya. akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa bala kumbali iliyonse.Zovomerezeka zambiri zamakina osokera zidaperekedwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1850 kuti "dziwe la patent" linakhazikitsidwa ndi opanga anayi kuti ufulu wa ma patent ophatikizidwa ugulidwe.Howe adapindula ndi izi polandira malipiro pa ma patent ake;Woimbayo, mogwirizana ndi Edward Clark, adagwirizanitsa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe adazipanga ndipo adakhala wamkulu kwambiri wopanga makina osokera padziko lonse lapansi pofika m'chaka cha 1860. Malamulo akuluakulu a yunifolomu ya Civil War adapanga kufunikira kwakukulu kwa makina mu 1860s, ndi dziwe la patent. adapanga Howe ndi Singer kukhala oyambitsa mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lapansi.

Kusintha kwa makina osokera kunapitilira mpaka m'ma 1850.Allen B. Wilson, wokonza nduna za ku America, anapanga zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri, makina ojambulira hook shuttle ndi zoyenda zinayi (mmwamba, pansi, kumbuyo, ndi kutsogolo) za nsalu kudzera pamakina.Woimba adasintha zomwe adapanga mpaka imfa yake mu 1875 ndipo adalandira mavoti ena ambiri kuti asinthe ndi zatsopano.Pamene Howe adasinthiratu dziko la patent, Singer adapita patsogolo kwambiri pakugulitsa.Kupyolera mu ndondomeko zogulira magawo, ngongole, ntchito yokonza, ndi ndondomeko ya malonda, Singer adayambitsa makina osokera m'nyumba zambiri ndikukhazikitsa njira zogulitsira zomwe zinatengedwa ndi ogulitsa kuchokera ku mafakitale ena.

Makina osokera adasintha mawonekedwe amakampani popanga gawo latsopano la zovala zokonzeka kuvala.Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yomanga makapeti, kumanga mabuku, malonda a nsapato ndi nsapato, kupanga ma hosiery, ndi upholstery ndi kupanga mipando kuchulukirachulukira ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina osokera a mafakitale.Makina opanga mafakitale adagwiritsa ntchito singano-singano kapena zigzag zisanafike chaka cha 1900, ngakhale zidatenga zaka zambiri kuti kusokera uku kusinthidwa kukhala makina apanyumba.Makina osokera amagetsi anayamba kuyambitsidwa ndi Singer mu 1889. Zipangizo zamakono zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono la makompyuta kupanga mabuttonholes, zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula, zojambula zakhungu, ndi zokongoletsera zokongoletsera.

Makina opanga mafakitale

Makina osokera a mafakitale amafunikira chitsulo choponyedwa pamafelemu awo ndi zitsulo zosiyanasiyana zopangira zawo.Chitsulo, mkuwa, ndi ma aloyi angapo amafunikira kuti apange zida zapadera zomwe zimakhala zolimba mokwanira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yayitali m'mafakitole.Opanga ena amaponyera, makina, ndi zida zawozawo zitsulo;koma mavenda amaperekanso magawowa komanso zinthu za pneumatic, magetsi, ndi zamagetsi.

Makina osokera kunyumba

Mosiyana ndi makina opanga mafakitale, makina osokera kunyumba ndi amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake, kusinthasintha, komanso kusuntha.Nyumba zopepuka ndizofunika, ndipo makina ambiri apanyumba amakhala ndi matumba opangidwa ndi mapulasitiki ndi ma polima omwe ndi opepuka, osavuta kuumba, osavuta kuyeretsa, komanso osamva kung'ambika ndi kusweka.Chojambula cha makina apanyumba chimapangidwa ndi aluminiyumu yopangidwa ndi jakisoni, kachiwiri kuti aganizire kulemera.Zitsulo zina, monga mkuwa, chrome, ndi faifi tambala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika mbali zinazake.

Makina apanyumba amafunikiranso injini yamagetsi, zida zachitsulo zosiyanasiyana zomangika bwino kuphatikiza magiya odyetsa, makina amakamera, mbedza, singano, ndi singano, mapazi osindikizira, ndi shaft yayikulu yoyendetsa.Mabobbin amatha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena pulasitiki koma amayenera kupangidwa bwino kuti adyetse ulusi wachiwiri bwino.Ma board ozungulira amafunikiranso mwachindunji pazowongolera zazikulu zamakina, mawonekedwe ndi masankhidwe osokera, ndi zina zambiri.Ma motors, zitsulo zopangidwa ndi makina, ndi matabwa ozungulira amatha kuperekedwa ndi ogulitsa kapena opangidwa ndi opanga.

Makina opanga mafakitale

Pambuyo pagalimoto, makina osokera ndiye makina opangidwa ndendende padziko lonse lapansi.Makina osokera a mafakitale ndi aakulu komanso olemera kuposa makina apanyumba ndipo amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito imodzi yokha.Opanga zovala, mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsa ntchito makina angapo okhala ndi ntchito zapadera zomwe, motsatizana, zimapanga chovala chomalizidwa.Makina akumafakitale amakondanso kugwiritsa ntchito tcheni kapena zigzag stitch m'malo mokhoma zokhoma, koma makina amatha kuyimitsidwa mpaka ulusi naini kuti ukhale wolimba.

Opanga makina opangira mafakitale amatha kupereka makina ogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi kumakampani opanga zovala mazana angapo padziko lonse lapansi.Chifukwa chake, kuyesa m'munda mufakitale yamakasitomala ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga.Kupanga makina atsopano kapena kusintha kwachitsanzo chamakono, makasitomala amafufuzidwa, mpikisano umawunikidwa, ndi chikhalidwe cha zokometsera zomwe zimafunidwa (monga makina othamanga kapena opanda phokoso) amadziwika.Mapangidwe amajambula, ndipo fanizo limapangidwa ndikuyesedwa mufakitale ya kasitomala.Ngati chitsanzocho ndi chokhutiritsa, gawo la uinjiniya wopangira zinthu limayang'anira kapangidwe kake kuti agwirizanitse kulolerana kwa magawo, kuzindikira magawo omwe apangidwe m'nyumba ndi zida zofunika, kupeza magawo oti aperekedwe ndi ogulitsa, ndikugula zinthuzo.Zida zopangira, zogwirira ntchito pamzere wa msonkhano, zida zotetezera makina onse ndi mzere wa msonkhano, ndi zinthu zina zopangira kupanga ziyeneranso kupangidwa pamodzi ndi makinawo.

Mapangidwewo akamaliza ndipo magawo onse akupezeka, ntchito yoyamba yopanga imakonzedwa.Gawo loyamba lopangidwa limawunikidwa mosamala.Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kumadziwika, mapangidwewo amabwereranso ku chitukuko, ndipo ndondomekoyi imabwerezedwa mpaka mankhwalawo akukhutiritsa.Makina oyendetsa ndege 10 kapena 20 amaperekedwa kwa kasitomala kuti agwiritse ntchito popanga kwa miyezi itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi.Mayesero amtunduwu amatsimikizira chipangizocho pansi pa zochitika zenizeni, pambuyo pake kupanga kwakukulu kungayambe.

Makina osokera kunyumba

Kupanga makina apanyumba kumayambira kunyumba.Magulu omwe amaganizira za ogula amaphunzira kuchokera ku ngalande zamitundu yazinthu zatsopano zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri.Dipatimenti ya Research and Development (R&D) ya opanga imagwira ntchito, molumikizana ndi dipatimenti yotsatsa, kupanga mafotokozedwe a makina atsopano omwe amapangidwa ngati chitsanzo.Mapulogalamu opanga makina amapangidwa, ndipo zitsanzo zogwirira ntchito zimapangidwa ndikuyesedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.Pakadali pano, mainjiniya a R&D amayesa mitundu yogwirira ntchito kuti ikhale yolimba ndikukhazikitsa njira zothandiza pamoyo.Mu labotale yosokera, mtundu wa stitch umawunikidwa ndendende, ndipo mayeso ena amachitidwe amachitidwa molamulidwa.

Khadi lamalonda la 1899 la makina osokera a Singer.

(Kuchokera m'magulu a Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village.)

Isaac Merritt Singer sanapange makina osokera.Iye sanali ngakhale makaniko waluso, koma wosewera ndi ntchito.Ndiye, ndi chiyani chomwe Singer adapereka chomwe chidapangitsa kuti dzina lake lifanane ndi makina osokera?

Luso la Woyimba linali mu kampeni yake yotsatsa malonda, yoyendetsedwa kuyambira pachiyambi kwa akazi ndipo cholinga chake chinali kuthana ndi malingaliro akuti azimayi sagwiritsa ntchito makina.Pamene Singer adayambitsa makina ake oyambirira osokera kunyumba mu 1856, adakumana ndi kutsutsidwa ndi mabanja aku America pazifukwa zachuma komanso zamaganizo.Analidi mnzake wa bizinesi wa Singer, Edward Clark, yemwe adapanga "ndondomeko yobwereketsa / yogula" kuti achepetse kukayikira koyambirira pazachuma.Dongosolo limeneli linalola mabanja amene sanathe kulipira ndalama zokwana madola 125 za makina osokera atsopano (avareji ndalama za banja zimangofanana ndi madola 500 okha) kugula makinawo mwa kulipira magawo a madola atatu kapena asanu pamwezi.

Zopinga zamaganizo zinakhala zovuta kwambiri kuzigonjetsa.Zida zopulumutsira ntchito m'nyumba zinali lingaliro latsopano m'zaka za m'ma 1850.N’chifukwa chiyani akazi amafunikira makina amenewa?Kodi akanatani ndi nthawi yopulumutsidwa?Kodi ntchito sinagwiridwe ndi manja amtundu wabwinoko?Kodi makina sanali olemetsa kwambiri maganizo ndi matupi a akazi, ndipo kodi sanali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya amuna ndi dziko la anthu kunja kwa nyumba?Woyimba mosatopa adakonza njira zothana ndi malingalirowa, kuphatikiza kutsatsa mwachindunji kwa azimayi.Anakhazikitsa zipinda zowonetsera zapamwamba zomwe zinali ngati nyumba zokongola zapakhomo;adalemba ntchito amayi kuti awonetse ndi kuphunzitsa machitidwe a makina;ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito zotsatsa pofotokoza momwe kuchuluka kwa nthawi yaulere kwa amayi kumawonedwa ngati ukoma wabwino.

Donna R. Braden

Makina atsopanowo akavomerezedwa kuti apange, akatswiri opanga zinthu amapanga njira zopangira zida zamakina.Amazindikiranso zinthu zofunika komanso zigawo zomwe ziyenera kuitanitsa kuchokera kunja.Magawo opangidwa mufakitale amapangidwa popanga zida ndi mapulani zikangopezeka.

kukopera kuchokera pa intaneti